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Ending ch. 11 and opening ch. 12. To be liable to bring a sin-offering for violating a biblical Shabbos prohibition, one’s intent must be unwitting at the beginning and end of the carrying/throwing from domain to domain, or four cubits in the public domain. If he throws on Shabbos unwittingly, and remembers it’s prohibited before the object lands, our Sages debate whether he is actually liable. Imagining the case of “intentional that becomes unwitting” reminds me of the classic joke about a congregation polarized over sitting vs. standing for the Shema. Re the prohibition to build on Shabbos, the minimum measure is any kind of constructive act that endures. Chiseling stone sounds like building, but is subsumed in the category of “striking the final blow.”